BrownBoot

Dentist Central London

2006-10-18T00:30:00.000-07:00

The Welbeck clinic offers specialist Cosmetic Dentistry in a central London location. Dr Joe Oliver has worked for over 11 years in Cosmetic Dentistry and now provides a 1 day Cosmetic Dentistry solution which includes Teeth Whitening, Porcelain Veneers and Dental Crowns.

Poland, History Of

2005-03-18T04:09:00.000-08:00

History of the area from the 10th century to the present.

Middlesbrough

2005-03-16T16:20:00.000-08:00

When the Stockton and Darlington Railway was extended east of Stockton in 1830 to the site where Joseph Pease

Andrew Ii

2005-03-14T13:46:00.000-08:00

The son of Béla III, Andrew succeeded László III, his elder brother's son, on the throne in 1205. Powerful landed interests forced Andrew to spend royal funds so recklessly that the crown

Differentiator

2005-03-11T17:03:00.000-08:00

A device or set of components for performing the mathematical operation of differentiation—i.e., supplying an output proportional to the derivative of the input with respect to one or more variables. The many common examples of mechanical differentiators in which a displacement is differentiated with respect to time include speedometers and generators. In

Sardica, Council Of

2005-03-09T16:16:00.000-08:00

(342/343), an ecclesiastical council of the Christian Church held at Sardica, or Serdica (modern Sofia, Bulg.). It was convened by the joint emperors Constantius II (Eastern, sympathetic to the Arian party) and Constans I (Western, sympathetic to the Nicene party) to attempt a settlement of the Arian controversies. In fact, the council merely embittered still further the relations

Wadgaon, Convention Of

2005-03-07T08:02:00.000-08:00

The compact was concluded after a British expedition, commanded by Colonel William Cockburn and controlled by Colonel

Disasters

2005-03-05T06:26:00.000-08:00

January 8, Charlotte, N.C. A commuter plane, a Beechcraft 1900 twin-engine turboprop operated by US Airways Express, crashes into a hangar on takeoff, killing 21 passengers and crew members; the cause of the crash is believed to be

Holmes, Sherlock

2005-03-04T09:03:00.000-08:00

Fictional character created by the Scottish writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The prototype for the modern mastermind detective, Holmes first appeared in Conan Doyle's

Tibet, Disunity, 9th to 14th century

2005-03-01T03:59:00.000-08:00

In the 9th century, Buddhist tradition records a contested succession, but there are many inconsistencies; contemporary Chinese histories indicate that Tibetan unity and strength were destroyed by rivalry between generals commanding the frontier armies. Early in the 9th century a scion of the old royal family migrated to western Tibet and founded successor

Levita, Elijah Bokher

2005-02-27T00:50:00.000-08:00

Levita went to Italy early in life and in 1504 settled at Padua. There he wrote a manual of Hebrew (1508) that was appropriated by his transcriber,

Death Rite, Rites and customs among secular materialists

2005-02-25T23:42:00.000-08:00

It is significant, however, that, even where secularist principles are consciously professed, the dead are rarely disposed of without some semblance of ceremony. A deeply rooted feeling prompts most people to treat a dead human body with a respect that is not felt for a dead animal. It is significant that Communists make pilgrimages to the graves of Lenin and Marx;

Monticelli, Adolphe

2005-02-24T00:09:00.000-08:00

In full Adolphe-Joseph-Thomas Monticelli French painter whose finest works, derived from scenes by Antoine Watteau, are dreamlike images of courtly revels. Using thick daubs of paint, applied to achieve a swirling effect, he created a poetic, visionary expression with radiant lights and deep shadows. His work was much admired by Vincent van Gogh and had a greater

1830, Revolutions Of

2005-02-22T14:18:00.000-08:00

The movement started in France, prompted by Charles X's publication on July 26 of four ordinances dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, suspending freedom of the press, modifying the electoral laws so that three-fourths of the electorate lost their

Morris

2005-02-20T03:44:00.000-08:00

County, northern New Jersey, U.S., bounded by the Musconetcong River and Lake Hopatcong to the west, the Pequannock and Pompton rivers to the north, and the Passaic River to the east. It consists largely of a piedmont and upland region, with swampy lowlands in the southeast, and is drained by the Black, Rockaway, and Raritan (south branch) rivers. Among its numerous lakes are

Individualism

2005-02-17T16:33:00.000-08:00

Political and social philosophy that places high value on the freedom of the individual and generally stresses the self-directed, self-contained, and comparatively unrestrained individual or ego. The French political commentator Alexis de Tocqueville, who coined the word, described it in terms of a kind of moderate selfishness, disposing human beings to be concerned

Visible Trade

2005-02-16T03:21:00.000-08:00

Countries lacking various raw materials will import needed substances such

Dylan, Bob

2005-02-13T23:12:00.000-08:00

Original name Robert Allen Zimmerman American folksinger who moved from folk to rock music in the 1960s, infusing the lyrics of rock and roll, theretofore concerned mostly with boy-girl romantic innuendo, with the intellectualism of classic literature and poetry. Hailed as the Shakespeare of his generation, Dylan sold more than 58 million albums, wrote more than 500 songs recorded by more than

Yeh-lü Ta-shih

2005-02-12T05:43:00.000-08:00

Yeh-lü was a member of the imperial family of the Liao dynasty (907–1125), which had been established by the Khitan tribes and ruled much of Mongolia, Manchuria, and Northeast China. When the Liao dynasty was overthrown by the Juchen, who established the Chin dynasty, Yeh-lü fled west to Turkestan, where he

Columbia Encyclopedia

2005-02-09T07:00:00.000-08:00

First published in 1935 and continuing its indirect but important relationship with Columbia University, the encyclopaedia underwent major revisions in 1950 and 1963. The fourth edition (1975), with the present title, met a crucial

John I

2005-02-08T04:38:00.000-08:00

Byname The Prince of Fond Memory, or John of Aviz, John the Great, or John the Bastard, Portuguese O Principe de Boa Memória, or João de Aviz, João o Grande, or João o Bastardo king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country's independence from Castile and initiated Portugal's overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty.

Celestial Navigation

2005-02-05T08:42:00.000-08:00

Use of the observed positions of celestial bodies to determine a navigator's position. At any moment some celestial body is at the zenith of any particular location on the Earth's surface. This location is called the ground position (GP). GP can thus be stated in terms of celestial coordinates, with the declination of the celestial object equal to latitude and the Greenwich

Seto Great Bridge

2005-02-03T19:48:00.000-08:00

Japanese Seto Ohashi, a series of suspension bridges spanning the Inland Sea (Seto-naikai) between the islands of Honshu and Shikoku, Japan. The double-tiered rail and vehicular roadway is a network of six bridges, straddling a chain of five small islands, and extends 5.6 miles (9 km) over water to link the towns of Kojima, on Honshu, and Sakaide, on Shikoku. Its total length is 7.6 miles (12.2 km), and it consists

Addition Reaction

2005-02-02T22:03:00.000-08:00

Addition reactions are typical of unsaturated organic compounds—i.e., alkenes, which contain a carbon-to-carbon double bond, and alkynes, which have a carbon-to-carbon triple bond—and aldehydes and ketones, which have a carbon-to-oxygen double bond. An addition reaction may be

Degenerate Art

2005-01-30T17:01:00.000-08:00

With Hitler's rise to power in 1933, the systematic suppression of contemporary art quickly spread throughout Germany. Sanctions were created to forbid the

Carl Xvi Gustaf

2005-01-29T17:48:00.000-08:00

The only son of King Gustav VI Adolf's eldest son, Prince Gustav Adolf (who died in an air crash in 1947), Carl Gustaf became crown prince in 1950, when his grandfather acceded to the throne. He studied at military cadet schools, at the University of Uppsala, and in France and was commissioned as a naval officer in 1968. He married Silvia Sommerlath

Antarctica, History

2005-01-26T19:59:00.000-08:00

A thorough general account is in C. Hartley Grattan, The Southwest Pacific Since 1900 (1963). An interesting and thorough history is Walter Sullivan, Quest for a Continent (1957). Kenneth J. Bertrand, Americans in Antarctica, 1775–1948 (1971), recounts early U.S. explorations. Antarctica: Great Stories from the Frozen Continent (1985), offers a readable and profusely illustrated account of explorers from many nations, as well as a description of the physical environment. A complete list of expeditions, claims, treaties, discoveries, and meetings is found in R.K. Headland, Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events (1989).

Semiconductor Device

2005-01-24T00:41:00.000-08:00

A p-n junction diode is a solid-state device that has two terminals. Depending on impurity distribution, device geometry, and biasing condition, a junction diode can perform various functions. There are more than 50,000 types of diodes with voltage ratings from less than 1 volt to more than 2,000 volts and current ratings from less than 1 milliampere to more than 5,000 amperes. A p-n junction

Lusignan Family

2005-01-23T18:29:00.000-08:00

Noble family of Poitou (a province of western France) that provided numerous crusaders and kings of Jerusalem, Cyprus, and Lesser Armenia. A branch of the family became counts of La Marche and Angoulême and played a role in precipitating the baronial revolt in England against King Henry III. The castle of Lusignan is associated with the medieval legend of Mélusine.

Newton Abbot

2005-01-19T07:15:00.000-08:00

Town (“parish”), Teignbridge district, administrative and historic county of Devon, England. It lies near the head of the Teign estuary. Bradley Manor (15th century) is now a National Trust property. The Jacobean Forde House (1610) was visited by William, prince of Orange, the successful 17th-century contender for the English throne who first read his famous declaration to the people

Liberius

2005-01-16T01:55:00.000-08:00

Liberius was pope during the turbulence caused by the rise of Arianism—a heresy teaching that Christ was not truly divine but was rather a created being. Liberius was pope under the Arian Roman emperor Constantius II, who opposed both the Council of Nicaea (which had condemned Arianism)

Ferroaugite

2005-01-14T05:03:00.000-08:00

Iron-rich variety of the mineral augite (q.v.).

Cabot, John

2005-01-12T07:45:00.000-08:00

Cabot's voyages are treated specifically in James A. Williamson, The Voyages of the Cabots and the English Discovery of North America (1929, reprinted 1971), and The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery Under Henry VII (1962, reprinted 1986); while David B. Quinn, England and the Discovery of America, 1481–1620 (1973); and Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America, vol. 1 (1971, reissued 1993), place the voyages in the broader historical context.

Independent Fundamental Churches Of America

2005-01-11T06:37:00.000-08:00

Fellowship of conservative, independent Christian churches stressing biblical truth. It was organized in Cicero, Ill., U.S., in June 1930 as the successor of the American Conference of Undenominational Churches. Member churches are forbidden to affiliate with any denomination, and the fellowship, administered by annually elected trustees, cannot organize itself as

Albertus Magnus, Saint

2005-01-09T13:45:00.000-08:00

English Saint Albert The Great , German Sankt Albert Der Grosse , byname Albert Of Cologne , or Of Lauingen , or Doctor Universalis (Latin: “Universal Doctor”) Dominican bishop and philosopher best known as a teacher of St. Thomas Aquinas and as a proponent of Aristotelianism at the University of Paris. He established the study of nature as a legitimate science within the Christian tradition. By papal decree in 1941, he was declared the

Azaïs, Pierre-hyacinthe

2005-01-06T04:43:00.000-08:00

Philosopher whose optimism was rooted in the idea that human experience is imbued with a natural and harmonious balance between joy and sadness and that it is in this balance that meaning can be discovered. He advocated the idea in the work that first brought him fame, Des compensations dans les destinées humaines, 3 vol. (1809). In a following work,

Cabaiguán

2005-01-05T13:38:00.000-08:00

City, northern Sancti Spíritus province, central Cuba. It is an important manufacturing and commercial centre for surrounding agricultural and pastoral lands known primarily for their sugarcane, although tobacco and fruits are grown and cattle are raised. Sugar refining is the principal industrial activity in the city, which lies on the central highway and

Vigny, Alfred-victor, Comte De

2005-01-03T17:05:00.000-08:00

Poet, dramatist, and novelist who was the most philosophical of the French Romantic writers.

Teresa, Blessed Mother

2005-01-01T01:10:00.000-08:00

The daughter

Florentine Diamond

2004-12-29T14:28:00.000-08:00

Clear, pale-yellow stone weighing 137 carats; of Indian origin, it was cut as a double rose with 126 facets. Once owned by Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, who lost it when he fell in battle in 1477, the stone came into the possession of Pope Julius II and the Medici family early in the 16th century. Maria Theresa of Austria acquired it through her marriage (1736) to the Duke of Tuscany, and it subsequently

Pachacamac

2004-12-28T19:06:00.000-08:00

Large pre-Columbian ruin located in the Lurin Valley on the central coast of present-day Peru. The earliest major occupation and construction of Pachacamac dates to the Early Intermediate Period (c. 200 BC–AD 600) and to a culture generally known as Early Lima (Maranga, Interlocking style). The terraced adobe pyramid and temple known as the Temple of Pachacamac belongs to this time

Medicine

2004-12-25T14:38:00.000-08:00

Developments in modern medical science have made it possible to detect morbid conditions before a person actually feels the effects of the condition. Examples are many: they include certain forms of cancer; high blood pressure; heart and lung disease; various familial and congenital conditions; disorders of metabolism, like diabetes; and acquired immune deficiency

Valencia

2004-12-24T00:11:00.000-08:00

When Umayyad power in Moorish Spain disintegrated in the reign of Hisham II (1010), Valencia eventually came to be ruled by 'Abd al-Aziz al-Mansur (reigned

French Confederation Of Christian Workers

2004-12-21T11:19:00.000-08:00

French Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens (CFTC), French labour-union federation that was founded in 1919 by Roman Catholic workers who opposed both the syndicalist and communist movements of the day. The confederation, based on Catholic social and anti-Marxist principles, rejected the theory of class warfare but occasionally collaborated on strikes with the leftist General Confederation of Labour (Confédération

Tierra Blanca

2004-12-20T23:09:00.000-08:00

City, southern Veracruz state, south central Mexico, in the Gulf of Mexico lowland, in the Río Papaloapan Valley, near the border of Oaxaca state, at an elevation of 200 ft (60 m) above sea level. Its climate is hot and humid. Tierra Blanca plays an important role in regional agriculture, industry, and transportation. The area is noted principally for its livestock and petroleum,

Novara, Battle Of

2004-12-18T23:17:00.000-08:00

(March 23, 1849), battle of the first Italian War of Independence in which 70,000 Austrian troops under Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky thoroughly defeated 100,000 poorly trained Italian troops (not all of whom were actually employed in the battle) under Charles Albert, king of Sardinia-Piedmont. It was fought at Novara, 28 miles (45 km) west of Milan, 11 days after Charles Albert had denounced the armistice

Fuseli, Henry

2004-12-15T22:47:00.000-08:00

Fuseli was reared in an intellectual and artistic milieu and initially studied theology. Obliged to flee Zürich because of political entanglements, he went first to Berlin, and then settled in London in 1764. He was encouraged

Szombathely

2004-12-13T20:16:00.000-08:00

German Steinamanger, town and seat of Vas megye (county), northwestern Hungary. Szombathely is situated on the Gyöngyös River, near the frontier with Austria, south-southeast of Vienna and west of Budapest. The town is the successor to the Roman settlement of Savaria (Sabaria), the capital of Pannonia, founded in AD 43 by Claudius I at the intersection of two Roman roads still extant. There is in the

Selkirk, Alexander

2004-12-12T03:49:00.000-08:00

The son of a shoemaker, Selkirk ran away to sea in 1695; he joined a band of buccaneers in the Pacific and by 1703 was sailing master of a galley on a privateering expedition. In September 1704, after a quarrel with his captain, he was put ashore at his own request

Uijongbu

2004-12-09T19:01:00.000-08:00

City, Kyonggi do (province), north western South Korea. Uijongbu lies 12 miles (20 km) north of Seoul. Its name, meaning “the Cabinet” in old Korean, derives from its being the temporary site of the Cabinet office during the Choson (Yi) dynasty (1392–1910). The city was formerly the market centre for agricultural products grown in the surrounding area. It developed rapidly after the Korean War (1950–53) as

France, History Of, Political tensions

2004-12-07T08:59:00.000-08:00

The political life of the new regime was also proving more contentious than the revolutionaries had anticipated. With courage and consistency, the Assembly had provided that officials of all kinds be elected. But it was uncertain whether these officials, once the ballots were cast, could do their duty free from public pressure and agitation. Nor was it clear what

Muñoz, Juan

2004-11-27T23:26:00.000-08:00

Spanish sculptor (b. June 17, 1953, Madrid, Spain—d. Aug. 28, 2001, Ibiza, Spain), created moody and challenging installation artworks, most of which featured monochromatic human figures placed amid unnerving architectural spaces and often incorporating animatronics and sound. In 2000 Muñoz received Spain's highest cultural award, the Premio Nacional de Belles Artes. His last completed

Permafrost, Active wedges, inactive wedges, and ice-wedge casts

2004-11-26T08:54:00.000-08:00

Ice wedges may be classified as active, inactive, and ice-wedge casts. Active ice wedges are those that are actively growing. The wedge may not crack every year, but during many or most years cracking does occur, and an increment of ice is added. Ice wedges require a much more rigorous climate to grow than does permafrost. The permafrost table must be chilled to -15° to -20° C (5° to -4° F) for

Insurance, Rate making

2004-11-24T21:47:00.000-08:00

The rate is the price per unit of exposure. In fire insurance, for example, the rate may be expressed as $1 per $100 of

China, The Tangut

2004-11-19T17:39:00.000-08:00

In the northwest the Tangut, a Tibetan people, inhabited the region between the far end of the Great Wall in modern Kansu and the Huang Ho bend in Inner Mongolia. Their semioasis economy combined irrigated agriculture with pastoralism. Their control over the terminus of the famous Silk Road made them middlemen in trade between Central Asia and China. They adopted

Leaf Miner

2004-11-17T10:20:00.000-08:00

Most leaf-miner burrows or tunnels are either thin, winding, whitish trails or broad, whitish or brownish blotches.

Polar Anticyclone

2004-11-16T03:48:00.000-08:00

Polar anticyclones are created by the cooling

Latex

2004-11-14T08:09:00.000-08:00

The plant product is a complex mixture of substances, including various gum resins, fats, or waxes and, in some instances, poisonous

Evans, Walker

2004-11-12T22:58:00.000-08:00

American photographer, important primarily for documenting the effects of economic depression in the American South and photographically interpreting American folk architecture. His approach to photography was largely formed by the documentary photographs of the French photographer Eugène Atget, whose influence

Ableman V. Booth

2004-11-10T11:22:00.000-08:00

Sherman Booth was an abolitionist newspaper editor in Wisconsin who had been sentenced to jail by a federal court for assisting a runaway slave—a clear violation of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act, which required

Novaës, Guiomar

2004-11-08T20:55:00.000-08:00

After early studies in São Paulo with Luigi Chiafarelli, Novaës was sent by the Brazilian government to the Paris Conservatory, where she took first place in the entrance examinations (1909). There she studied with

ögödei

2004-11-06T14:43:00.000-08:00

The third son of Genghis, Ögödei succeeded his father in 1229. He was the first ruler of the Mongols to call himself khagan (“great khan”); his father used only the title khan. He made his headquarters on the Orhon River in central Mongolia, where he built the

Bacheller, Irving (addison)

2004-11-03T15:23:00.000-08:00

Bacheller graduated from St. Lawrence University, Canton, N.Y., in 1882 and entered journalism. In 1883 in Brooklyn, N.Y., he founded the first modern newspaper syndicate and through

Macken, Walter

2004-11-01T11:59:00.000-08:00

Macken was an actor and stage manager in Galway, where he became actor-manager-director of the Gaelic Theatre. He was also connected with the famous Abbey Theatre

Azo Dye

2004-10-30T01:07:00.000-07:00

The oldest

Wage And Salary

2004-10-28T20:54:00.000-07:00

The bargaining theory of wages holds that wages, hours, and working conditions are determined by the relative bargaining strength of the parties to the agreement. Smith hinted at such a theory when he noted that employers had greater bargaining strength than employees, because it was easier for employers to combine in opposition to employees' demands and also

China, The dynasty's founder

2004-10-28T01:09:00.000-07:00

Chu Yüan-chang, founder of the new dynasty, came from a family of physiognomists from K'ai-feng who in Yüan times had deteriorated into itinerant tenant farmers in northern Anhwei Province. Orphaned by famine and plague in 1344, young Chu was taken into a small Buddhist monastery near Feng-yang city as a lay novice. For more than three years he wandered as a mendicant through

Criminal Law, Behavioral norms

2004-10-26T19:53:00.000-07:00

The fact that the crime rates in many countries have risen faster than the population has brought into question the relevance of the law itself and whether or not laws against crime actually have an influence on an individual's behaviour. Various large-scale inquiries have been made into the relation between law and civil order: in the United States, the President's

Nordström, Ludvig Anselm

2004-10-26T16:11:00.000-07:00

Born of a Swedish father and an English mother, Nordström was much influenced by English writers, especially Charles Dickens, Thomas Carlyle, Laurence Sterne, H.G. Wells, and G.K. Chesterton. He most delighted his readers with

Sabha

2004-10-25T10:12:00.000-07:00

The sabha differs from the panchayat (caste or subcaste council) in that its scope is much larger; rather than

Arts, Islamic, Decline of the Arabic language

2004-10-24T17:42:00.000-07:00

Ibn Khaldun, who had served in his youth as ambassador to Pedro I the Cruel, of Castile, and in his old age as emissary to Timur, died in Cairo. After the fall of Baghdad in 1258, this city had become the centre of Muslim learning. Historians there recorded every detail of the daily life and the policies of the Mamluk sultans; theologians and philologists worked under the patronage

Astorga

2004-10-23T16:47:00.000-07:00

City, León provincia, in Castile-León comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”), northwestern Spain, on the left bank of the Tuerto River on a spur of the Manzanal mountain chain. It originated as the Roman Asturica Augusta (called a “magnificent city” by Pliny) and was an important administrative and military centre. The see of a bishop since the 3rd century, Astorga decayed

Vlach

2004-10-23T16:25:00.000-07:00

The

Off-broadway

2004-10-21T00:01:00.000-07:00

In the theatre of the United States, small professional productions that have served for years as New York City's alternative to the commercially oriented theatres of Broadway. The plays, usually produced on low budgets in small theatres, have tended to be freer in style and more imaginative than those on Broadway, where high production costs often oblige producers

Alimentary Canal

2004-10-20T01:39:00.000-07:00

Also called digestive tract pathway by which food enters the body and solid wastes are expelled. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. See digestion.

Lippi, Filippino

2004-10-19T10:29:00.000-07:00

The son of Fra Filippo Lippi and his wife, Lucrezia Buti, he was a follower of his father and of Botticelli. After Fra Filippo Lippi's death, Filippino entered the workshop of Botticelli. By 1473 he had finished his

Constant, Benjamin

2004-10-18T16:31:00.000-07:00

The son of a Swiss officer in the Dutch service, whose family was of French origin, he studied at Erlangen, Ger., briefly at the University of Oxford, and at Edinburgh. In 1787 he formed, in Paris, his first liaison, with Madame de

Møller, Poul Martin

2004-10-17T04:52:00.000-07:00

Danish author whose novel of student life, the first in his country's literature that dealt with the contemporary scene, marked an important stage in the history of Danish literature. His aphorism, “All poetry that does not come from life is a lie,” sums up his realistic approach in a romantic age. He is also distinguished

Dress, Ancient Greece

2004-10-16T09:01:00.000-07:00

The long period of Greek culture is customarily classified into three segments. Up to about 500 BC is described as the Archaic period. This was the time when the several different civilizations of mainland and island Greece, Anatolia, and North Africa coexisted, the arts and costume of each influencing the others. The Dorians had invaded the Minoan kingdoms in Crete and

Mcgwire, Mark

2004-10-15T19:49:00.000-07:00

As a senior in high school, McGwire attracted more attention with his

Biblical Literature, The Letter of Paul to the Romans

2004-10-15T10:09:00.000-07:00

Romans differs from all the other Pauline letters in that it was written to a congregation over which Paul did not claim apostolic authority. He stressed that he was merely going to Rome in transit, because it was his principle not to evangelize where others had worked. Because his apostolic ministry appeared to be completed in Asia Minor and Greece, Paul planned

Corbusier, Le

2004-10-13T10:59:00.000-07:00

Byname of Charles-Édouard Jeanneret internationally influential Swiss architect and city planner, whose designs combine the functionalism of the modern movement with a bold, sculptural expressionism. He belonged to the first generation of the so-called International school of architecture and was their most able propagandist

Earth, Paleomagnetism

2004-10-13T05:01:00.000-07:00

All rocks contain what is referred to as natural remanent magnetism. This property is due to magnetism acquired by iron-bearing minerals during the cooling and crystallization of an igneous rock, to the formation of iron-bearing minerals at low temperatures during the weathering of previously formed minerals, to the rotation of iron-bearing minerals during

Carnivore, Annotated classification

2004-10-10T16:26:00.000-07:00

Although the terrestrial and marine carnivores are grouped together in the following classification, many authors separate them into two orders. In this article the split is indicated by erecting two suborders, the Fissipedia and Pinnipedia, based largely on the degree of specialization undergone by the members as they evolved and adapted to radically different

China, State and society

2004-10-10T13:11:00.000-07:00

The state barred literati from using the academies and literary societies for explicitly political activities. Scholars in Peking and in the rich cities of the Yangtze Delta turned from politics to the study of texts that marked the empirical school of scholarship (k'ao-cheng hsüeh). Influenced by their knowledge of European mathematics and mathematical astronomy,

Brabham, Sir Jack

2004-10-09T07:25:00.000-07:00

After serving in the Royal Australian Air Force in World War II, Brabham set up his own engineering business in 1946. He drove in midget racing (1946–52) in Australia, and in 1955 he moved to England to drive for the Cooper team in Grand Prix racing. He won

Dulles, Allen W.

2004-10-08T02:07:00.000-07:00

The younger brother of U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles received an M.A. from Princeton in 1916 and then served in various diplomatic posts until 1922, when he was named chief

Wright, Frances

2004-10-07T03:07:00.000-07:00

Wright was the daughter of a well-to-do Scottish merchant and political radical who had circulated the works of Thomas

Theocritus

2004-10-06T09:19:00.000-07:00

There are no certain facts as to Theocritus' life beyond those supplied by the idylls themselves. Certainly he lived in Sicily and at various times in Cos and Alexandria and perhaps in Rhodes. The surviving poems

Application Lace

2004-10-04T20:02:00.000-07:00

French Point Appliqué, lace in which motifs (flowers and the like) are worked individually and then joined to a net background (whether made by machine or by hand), in contrast to the method in which the net is worked round the solid parts of the design and the whole lace worked as a single piece without joins. In the 19th century application lace was made especially at Brussels and, in England, at

Attic Dialect

2004-10-04T08:58:00.000-07:00

Ancient Greek dialect that was the language of ancient Athens. Its closest relative was the Ionic dialect of Euboea. With the ascendance of the Athenian empire in the course of the 5th century BC, Attic became the most prestigious of the Greek dialects and as a result was adopted later as the standard language by the Macedonian kings. Moreover, it became in Hellenistic

Lochmaben

2004-10-03T03:58:00.000-07:00

Royal burgh (town), Dumfries and Galloway council area, historic county of Dumfriesshire, Scotland, situated near several small lochs in Annandale valley. Robert the Bruce, who ruled Scotland as Robert I from 1306 to 1329, had close associations with the town and, according to local tradition, was born in Lochmaben Castle in 1274. In 1290 a peel tower (small fortified tower) was erected by

Bottlenose Whale

2004-10-02T15:57:00.000-07:00

Any of four species of beaked whales distinguished by a bulbous forehead that drops sharply to the base of the beak. All inhabit deep offshore waters and eat squid, fish, and various bottom-dwelling animals. Bottlenose whales are capable of long, deep dives; biologists recorded the dive of one northern bottlenose (Hyperoodon ampullatus) to almost

Leafy Liverwort

2004-10-01T11:28:00.000-07:00

Most leafy liverworts are found in moist habitats—in swamps and bogs and in damp forests,

Term

2004-09-30T04:25:00.000-07:00

In logic, the subject or predicate of a categorical proposition (q.v.), or statement. Aristotle so used the Greek word horos (“limit”), apparently by an analogy between the terms of a proportion and those of a syllogism. Terminus is the Latin translation of this word, used, for example, by the 5th-century Roman philosopher Boethius. Hence in medieval logic the word came to be used

Xenophon

2004-09-29T20:41:00.000-07:00

As a writer of prose, Xenophon ranked with his fellow historians Herodotus and Thucydides in the opinion of literary critics of antiquity and had a stronger influence on Latin literature than either. His works were translated into many European languages in the 16th century, and, until comparatively recently, his reputation stood high. He was the first journalist

Wilhelmshaven

2004-09-28T11:54:00.000-07:00

City and port, Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany, on the Jadebusen, a North Sea inlet on the coast of Ostfriesland (East Frisia). Founded in 1853 by Wilhelm I on land bought by Prussia from Oldenburg, it was given its present name in 1869. In 1937 it was united with Rüstringen and returned to Oldenburg Land. As the principal naval base for the Prussian (later German) navy, it suffered

Tientsin Massacre

2004-09-26T17:11:00.000-07:00

(June 21, 1870), in Tientsin, China, violent outbreak of Chinese xenophobic sentiment that nearly precipitated international warfare and signaled the end of the “cooperative policy” between China and the Western treaty powers. Before the incident, rumours circulated in Tientsin that the French Sisters of Charity were kidnapping and mutilating Chinese children. Hostility

Sacchetti, Franco

2004-09-26T11:30:00.000-07:00

Sacchetti was born of a noble Florentine family. Both as merchant and as public official he traveled widely. In his letters, in some of his verses, and in the Sposizioni di Vangeli (“Expositions on the Gospels”) he expressed

National Socialism

2004-09-25T04:51:00.000-07:00

German Nationalsozialismus , also called Nazism or Naziism totalitarian movement led by Adolf Hitler as head of the Nazi Party in Germany. In its intense nationalism, mass appeal, and dictatorial rule, National Socialism shared many elements with Italian fascism. However, Nazism was far more extreme both in its ideas and in its practice. In almost every respect it was an anti-intellectual and atheoretical movement, emphasizing